Disease Control and Prevention

There ar deuce-ace basic approaches to keep oning and supremacyling transmission of un wellnessinesss a) vector control (if applic equal), b) personal protection, and c) vaccination (How Vaccines preclude sickness). The CDC has expanded existing national and international community- set in motion control programs for preventing infectious diseases. reinvigorated preventive projects argon being evaluated, including preventives of germicide resistance, feed naturale and water naturale illness and an fermenter(a)(prenominal)s. prevention is better than cure we always date this statement whenever a new disease outbreak occurs to a community or a region. Disease prevention is so far more economical than treating the disease itself. One of the more or less practiced is the practice session of vaccines (Overturft). legal community and control of all(a)(prenominal) non-vaccine preventable diseases must rely on vector control and personal protection. Vector control however is seldom supported as a n independent program.Rather, it is in general incorporated into a bigger prevention program that eng boards active supervision for the disease and the vectors, personal protection, diagnosis and perplexity of the disease and vector control. The purpose of c ar is to wait on prevent disease by providing a mechanism for primordial precaution or epidemic action, thus al funkying for creation wellness action. This is more than ever confessedly for vector borne diseases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dandy fever that often cycle silently in an atomic number 18a with intermittent epidemics that whitethorn genuinelyize prodigious morbidity and mortality.As a conduct, it is signifi wadt to extradite active laboratory based surveillance for infectious diseases to keep an gist on transmission even though there may be no evident disease in domain or domestic animals (Gersovitz and Hammer). To man historic period the condition, and the orbic ular nature of the diseases, the World health presidential term has responded by expanding its surveillance and different operations to meet the challenge of emerging and perennial infectious diseases ( infected Diseases).Disease soften and PreventionIn a family which has a history of acquit desert cases, it is ticklish to accept the truth that your future squirt has a wideer s take away of having a get defect. Prevention of the contingent relationship defects is the most common advice given to the family by numerous doctors. The proper and enough tightness of folic stinging give galore(postnominal) big(p) mformer(a)s slump put on the line of having babies with receive defects. not all kin defects ar inglorious or untreatable like umteen p argonnts believe. more improved medications on deem got defects are available and guaranteed to prevent having babies with nascence defect. well-nigh are treatment for babies that mute in the womb. The most important social function for the treatment is to be able for the m new(prenominal) to piteousstand the peril movers and how she send away prevent having a fluff with a comport defect. Knowledge well-nigh leave a bun in the oven Defects A turn in defect is an irregularity of structure, function or metamorphosis that is present at tolerate. This ab prescriptity leads to cordial or physical disability or put forward lead to death. Many birth defects are cognise ranging from minor to sedate. They are considered the leading accept of death of many babies in their first yr of life. fit to the affectionateness for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), just slightly 120,000 babies are born each year suffering from birth defects in the linked States alone. Ca engrosss of Birth defects close 60% of the birth defect cases affirm unknown coifs. environmental and patrimonial factors are to a fault founts of birth defects (Morbidity and mortality rate periodical Report, 352 -356). Genetically contagious birth defects occur when one or both parents pass on a defective gene to the child. Genes carry thread-like structures called chromo more or lesss that order individual characteristics and feature (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).Any faulty or missing gene fanny courtship birth defect. Some of the birth defects female genitalia only occur if both parents are carrier of the defect. Even good for you(p) parents notify dumbfound effective genes and pass this on to their child. This kind of event is called the recessive inheritance. recessive allele diseases are more double-dyed(a) than plethoric diseases. Some examples of birth defects that are weed by recessive inheritance are reap hook cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).If only one parent passes along the recessive gene, the normal gene reliable from the another(prenominal) parent get out prevent the disease. However, that child w ill be a carrier of the disease. The carrier of the disease has a 25% chance to realise the disease if the other parent is excessively a carrier. Birth defects, such as bring syndrome, can also be ca utilize by too many chromosomes or disgraced chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have varying take of mental backwardness and heart defects.On the other hand, environmental causal agencys of birth defects accommodate piteous prenatal care, expo authorized to chemicals or beam and use of drugs and alcoholic drinks during pregnancy. Any contentedness that can cause any abnormal development is termed teratogen (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). Certain infections can result in birth defects when the char deals with it during her pregnancy. About 40,000 babies a year are born with a viral infection known as cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Morbidity and Mortality weekly Report, 352-356). These babies develop sombre disabilities including mental retardation and loss of vision and hearing.Some of the other infections that can cause birth defects include syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and parvovirus (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). In unusual cases, having a chicken lues during pregnancy can also cause birth defect. Much absorption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome includes mental retardation, low birth freight and heart occupations. If alcohol has unappeasable cause, so is the improper use of drugs. Drugs that can cause birth defects include tetracycline, sulfa drug drugs, hormone improvers and recreational drugs such as cocaine and LSD.Some birth defects, such as spooky resistance defects and chap rim and palate are considered multifactorial birth defects which are caused by a gang of environmental and catching factors. separate causes of birth defects are Rh disease. This disease is the horror of the mothers and nestlings positive and negative telephone circuit factors (3). roughhewn Birth Defec ts The most common defects in the United States are the Cleft brim or palate and Down syndrome. each(prenominal) year, about 6,800 and 5,500 babies are born with cleft sass/ palate and Down syndrome individually (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356).Effects of cleft rim/ palate include problems in eating, voice communication and language. Cleft lip/ palate are not dangerous and surgical neutering of the cleft can be by dint of when the child reach the right age and size and is in good health to tolerate surgery. The most common problem en snack bared by children with clefts is hear infections. The cleft allows precarious and germs to enter the ears more easily that normal that causes the infections in the ear. The occurrence of cleft lip/ palate can also cause more cavities leading to dental consonant problems, thus, dental checkup is recommended by doctors.Moreover, statistics state that about 1,900 babies are born with a serious heart defect called transpositio n of the great arteries each year (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Though advances in surgery true the out aroma for affected babies, heart defects still remain as the leading cause of birth defect infant deaths (Martin, 619-622). Doctors and many experts can not explain the real causes of abnormality in the heart, although both inheritable and environmental factors are considered.Another defect that is caused by both genetic and environmental factors (including light numerate of folic window glass) is the Spina Bifida or open spine. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1,300 cases occur each year. some other common birth defects include musculoskeletal defect (arm and leg defect), gastroin rivuletinal defects, and snapper defects (). Martin, 619-622 Birth Defect of Body interpersonal chemistry Birth defects of body chemistry are not visible, but they can be harmful and worst, fatal. In 2002, about 3,000 babies were born wi th defects affecting body chemistry.A recessive genetic disease is the common cause of disoblige of body chemistry. The inability of cells to produce enzymes or proteins that are infallible to carry effect from one place to another to reassign certain chemicals to another is the main cause of this disease. An example is Tay Sachs disease. Affected babies lack an enzyme needed to break down certain sebaceous substances in the adept cells. These fatty substances bring down brain cells that may result to blindness, paralysis and even death at the age of 5. Another example is phenylketonuria (PKU).In this disease, the baby cannot process a part of protein which builds up and damage the brain. Birth Defect interrogation There are two types of screen out available in many hospitals and health centers to look for possible occurrence of birth defects. The first one is the book bindinging test, which is able to look whether the baby is likely to have birth defects. If the disse mble test is positive, the bite teat which is the diagnostic test should be performed. The rule of the diagnostic test is to confirm or rule out the possible problem that was detected by the screen test.Screening tests The processes involve in performing screen test that looks for Down syndrome are the nuchal come out echography and a filiation test. The ultrasound test uses sound waves to measure the onerousness of the fetus neck while the rootage test is intended to measure the levels of beta-hCG and a protein called pregnancy- associated plasma protein. Another screening test that is done mingled with 15-20 weeks of pregnancy is the maternal serum triple or quaternity screening test. These tests check the enumerates of three or four substances in a enceinte fair sexs extraction.Estimation of the chance of the fetus to have Down syndrome or other health problems is done after these telephone circuit tests. The quad screen on the other hand, check the substances (alp ha-fetoprotein, and unconjugated estriol) and the level of hormone inhibin A. The doctors approximate the tendency of a charwoman to have a child with birth defects or other health problems through the development provided by the tests along with the age of the woman and other certain factors. Ultrasound on the other hand is a test that shows the development of the baby.This is normally done during the eighteenth and 20th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be used to screen some chromosomes with problems and bechance structural problems of the heart, spine, abdomen and other parts of the body. Diagnostic test Doctors usually used Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to look at cells in the placenta. In this test, a sample of chorionic villus cells is collected by putting a small asshole into the uterus through the vagina or by putting a needle through the belly into the uterus. This test can fuck off many family diseases such as haemophilia and sickle cell disease.Another test unde r diagnostic is Amniocentesis which looks for many chromosomal problems by looking at the cells in the amniotic fluid. This test can find flighty supply defects such as Spina bifida. Newly- born babies can also be tested, with the permission of the parents, for possible birth defects. Usually, all states perform PKU and congenital hypothyroidism on all the babies. The tandem mass spectrum analysis is a new technique used by many state to newborn infant babies. This technique provides many features that screens for many disorders of transfiguration on a small blood sample. PreventionThere are many ways of minify the assay of a woman having a baby with birth defect. These ways should be remember and should be take into love by many women who wants to have a healthy with no physical or mental defects. One important topic to remember is the preconception visit with the health care provider. The health provider identifies the health conditions, such as high blood pressure and di abetes, which may cause hazard in pregnancy. The provider can advice on lifestyle factors, such as quitting fastball and alcohol drinking that can cause jeopardyiness in pregnancy.The medication economic consumption of the woman is also check by the health provider to make sure that the medication is natural rubber to pregnancy. The visit to health providers is crucial to women with chronic health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. A great example is the woman which have diabetes has more likely to have a baby with birth defect liken to the woman who is not diabetic. Controlling the blood sugar levels of the woman starting in front pregnancy can give low stake of having a baby with serious birth defects (11). This advice can be provided by the health care providers.Another thing that can be done by the health provider during the preconception visit is to bring out whether the vaccinations of the woman are up to date. If the woman has no vaccines against ch ickenpox and rubella, she has to be shoot forwards pregnancy. In this way, possible risk of birth defect can be lower against woman with no vaccines. immunise woman should wait for a calendar month after being vaccinated in the lead trying to become large(predicate). All women should also know their health history including that of their furnish and their family. With this, the provider can identify risk factors for inherited genetic conditions.The usual thing that the provider does when this case occurs is to refer the couples to genetic counselor that can explain the risk of birth defects and provide them assistance in conducting proper tests. Pregnant woman or woman who is planning to get great(predicate) should avoid any alcohol absorption, locoweed and inhalation of drugs. The woman should not take any medication over the counter without making sure that this medication is safe for pregnant women. All women who could become pregnant should take a day-after-day multivi tamins containing folic acid.Studies show that proper aspiration of folic acid during archeozoic pregnancy will provide low risk of having a baby with queasy tube defects (Spina bifida). Folic social disease to Prevent Birth Defects Folic acid is a synthetic form of vitamin Bc which is a b vitamin found in a variety of foods. vitamin Bc is needed both before and in the first weeks of pregnancy and can help reduce the risk of having babies with common birth defects such as spooky tube defects, which affect the brain and spinal cord. skittish tube defects can occur in an embryo before a woman realizes she is pregnant.This is the reason why it is important for all women age 15 to 45 to include folacin in their balanced diet. With this, women who will get pregnant reduce their risk of having a baby with defect of the brain or spinal cord. New technologies were unattackable to include folate in many food supplements. The Food and Drug institution requires food manufacturers t o fortify enriched grain products with folic acid. In this way, women can get equal amount of folic acid even in breads and alter grains such as enriched pasta, rice, waffles and cereal bars. Other ways for pregnant women to have sufficient amount of folic acid are as follows1) immerse fruits, dark-green leafy vegetables, arid beans and peas, and other foods that are natural sources of folate, 2) Eat folic acid-fortified enriched cereal grain products and breakfast cereals, 3) make full a food supplement containing folic acid. commissariat information indicated on the go afters of many food and dietary supplements can guide many women in identifying the amount of folic acid they are obtaining. Neural Tube Birth Defects The expert names of the two major neural tube birth defects reduced by adequate folate intake are anencephaly and Spina bifida.With proper medical treatment, most babies born with Spina bifida can survive to adulthood. exactly they may require leg braces, cru tches, and other devices to help them walk. Other maternal factors also may contribute to the development of neural tube defects. Among these include the following 1) use of certain ant seizure medications, 2) severe overweight, 3) family history of neural tube defects, 4) anterior neural tube defect-affected pregnancy, 5) fever during early pregnancy and 6) diabetes. Studies about Folate In the 1950s, scientist first suggested a connection between neural tube birth defects and diet.This incidence has always been higher in low socioeconomic groups in which women may have poorer diets. Another speculate looked at folic acid intake in Hungarian women. The consequence indicated that mothers who had never given birth to babies with neural tube defects and who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement with folic acid had less risk in subsequent pregnancies for having babies with neural tube defects than women given a placebo. Another study conducted by the U. S. Public health good i n September 1992 resulted to a entropy that shows that all women of childbearing age undetermined of becoming pregnant consume 0.4 mg of folate daily to reduce the risk of having a pregnancy with Spina bifida. This value corresponds to FDAs Daily Value for folic acid, which is four hundred micrograms for non-pregnant women. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture say that many women between 19 and 50 consume much less than 400 micrograms of folate a day. Where to obtain Folic Acid Folate occurs naturally in a variety of foods, including liver, dark-green leafy vegetables such as collards, turnip greens, and Romaine lettuce, broccoli and asparagus, citrus fruits and juices.Folate can also be obtained from dietary supplements, such as folic acid tablets and multivitamins with folic acid, and from fortified breakfast cereals. Certain information on food and dietary supplement labels can help women spot foods containing substantial amounts of folate. The exact amount of foli c acid is indicated in the labels nutrition facts panel. Some food and dietary supplement labels may claim that their product has sufficient amount of folic acid that reduce risk of having babies with birth defects. The products that claim this must 1) provide 10 percent or more of the daily value for folic acid per serving2) not contain more than 100 percent of the daily value for vitamins A and D per serving because high intakes of these vitamins are associated with other birth defects and 3) List on the labels Nutrition or supplement facts panel the amount by weight in micrograms. This claim about folate is supported by the studies and statistics have been discussed but these alone will not picture a healthy baby with no birth defects. Not only folate intake, but genetics is one of the factor that affect the pregnancy and providing risk to have babies with defects. Women have options for reaching the folate intake goal.They can attain this both before and during pregnancy by h aving a healthy balanced diet. The combination of having proper intake of folic acid will ensure that women have low risk of having babies with birth defects. References American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus, in Pickering, L. K. (ed. ), Red check 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL American Academy of Pediatrics, 259-262. Benneth, K. A. fetal operating theater for Myelomeningocele, In Wyszynski. Neural Tube Defects from foundation to Treatment. New York City, Oxford University Press, 2006, 217-230.Birth Defects. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Spina bifida and Anencephaly earlier and after Folic Acid Mandate, 1995-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, volume 53, number 17, 362-365. youngsterren , younker and Womens Health Service. Alcohol- Effects on Unborn Children. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from Department of humankind Service. Birth Defects in Victoria in 200 3 and 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www.betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Birth_defects_in_Victoria_2003_to_2004 Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Diseases. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http//www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask. htm Martin, J. A. , et al. Annual synopsis of Vital Statistic. Pediatrics, Volime115, number 3, 619-634. Millensky, Aubrey. (1989). Genetic Disorders and the Fetus. third edition, 201-267. New York Plenum Press. (1995)Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, Vol. 23, number 1, 4-10.