Mount Everest Disaster: The PRINCE2 Perspective

our site – FREE ESSAYS – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES Introduction The Mount Everest Disaster of 1996was one of the greatest expedition failures in the history of climbing. Young, Hailey, and Neame (2010) focused on the leadership failures of the expedition, and found that a situational analysis should have been carried out. However, there were multiple errors in planning and strategy that led to the death of eight people that could have been avoided. Sullivan (2007) approaches the failures from the risk-assessment perspective, stating that judgements were not made based on the basis of risk assessment, and there were no calculations performed before the dangerous expedition started. The below review of the disaster will highlight additional issues: lack of flexibility, performance and quality monitoring, and the inability to focus on the objectives of the project. The author of the current review will argue that using PRINCE2 project management approaches would have improved the feasibility of the project, allowing the team to succeed, eliminate o r minimise risks, and remain focused on the desired outcomes. 2. Situational Analysis According to Young et al. (2010: 1), â€Å"climbing teams pre-determine turnaround times to signal descent or abandon summit efforts†. However, these turnaround times were estimates, and did not take into consideration weather conditions, the training level of climbers, etc. There were no calculations made regarding to major risks, such as performance reduction due to the lower oxygen level at high altitudes, dehydration, lack of sleep, and – most importantly – reduced decision-making abilities of leaders (Young et al., 2010). Further risks were not assessed, such as the surprise snowstorm that occurred between 4 and 5 in the afternoon. There were other risk factors that could have been addressed before the trip, such as the problems with radio communication. For example, the leaders assumed that two people were dead, and abandoned them, however, they were alive. By the time they returned to rescue them, they could not be saved. Leadership errors are also noted by Sullivan (2007), who concludes that the two leading guides were unable to make decisions about turning back without Fisher, with whom they could not communicate with. If they took the clients back to camp on time, noting that the turnaround time has passed, they could have saved their lives. 3. Why and How the Expedition Failed According to Sullivan (2007), several people believe that the severe weather conditions caused the death of mountaineers on the Everest in 1996. He, however, notes that â€Å"the weather was a risk that should have been considered more carefully by both leaders† (Sullivan 2007: 38). Based on that statement, it is clear that no risk assessment was completed, and no real-time situation monitoring was implemented. The other reason why the project failed is the lack of clear role definition in the leadership team. There was already a rivalry between Hall and Fischer (Sullivan 2007), and it was not clear who was responsible for supervising the Sherpas, waiting for clients, providing medical emergency services, or even tying the ropes. This confusion about ropes resulted in a lack of action and delay. Delay – in a mountaineering world – means more oxygen used, and less time to turn around. Therefore, the lack of planning and clear roles was also responsible for the disaster. As Sullivan (2007: 42) puts it: â€Å"commercial high-altitude mountaineering must be recognized as an activity of risk, not one of risk-taking†. Analysing the bad decisions made by Hall and Fischer, Roberto (2002) introduces the idea of the â€Å"sunk cost effect†. He provides a clear definition for this effect as: â€Å"the tendency for people to escalate commitment to a course of action in which they have made substantial prior investments of time, money, or other resources†. This, translated to the world of climbers and commercial mountaineers means that they carry on, despite they know they are failing at the task, in other words: they are overcommitted, and make irrational decisions. This was the reason why they did not turn the climbers around, and let them carry on against the odds. Even though they had a â€Å"two o’ clock rule†, as a latest turnaround time, they did not communicate this clearly with the team. 4. How PRINCE2 Could Have Improved Project Management4.1. Process FundamentalsThere were several failures regarding the project fundamentals. In PRINCE2, these are described as starting up a project, directing a project, initiating the project, controlling stage, managing product delivery, managing stage boundaries, and closing a project. Each of these fundamentals can be applied to a project of climbing the Everest. In the starting up phase, the leaders should have clearly identified the objective of the project: completing the climb and getting all climbers back to the base safely. In the directing phase, they should have ensured that all infrastructure and resources were available, in good working condition, and accessible. In the project initiation stage, the leaders should have communicated the rules and objectives clearly with the climber and the Sherpas. They should have created a common understanding of the project (CIPFA 2012). The main failures, however, occurred on the co ntrolling and product delivery stages. Resource commitments were not agreed, and this meant that some climbers had to attempt reaching the camp without enough oxygen. There was simply no project manager who could have controlled the activities and created a stage plan. If there were controlling stages introduced, for example times when teams would communicate and provide updates, it would have been noticed on time that there were serious problems that needed solving. In the controlling stage, tolerances are also agreed (Murray 2010). If PRINCE2 was applied to the project, the different participants could have agreed on the acceptable deviance from the turnaround time, and many of the problems and communication errors could have been prevented. Similarly, if the framework was used in the development of the project, the product (expedition quality and safety) delivery would have been more controlled and better managed in the Managing Product Delivery stage. Finally, it is important to note that in the Managing Stage Boundaries stage. According to CIPFA (2012), this is the stage where â€Å"at each stage end, the continuing viability of the project should be confirmed†. If stage boundaries were created by the leaders, â€Å"reality checks† could have been completed, and it would have been clear that there was no chance to get all the participants safely home without oxygen. Based on benchmarking and evaluation, the project could have been abandoned (turning back), or redirected, modified. In the closing stage, the leaders should have identified lessons learned. More importantly, however, they should have learned from experience before starting the project, as they had many expeditions behind them, already. Reflecting on past and potential problems could have improved the overall project’s outcome and design.4.2. Theme FundamentalsBased on the theme fundamentals of PRINCE2, it is clear that the weakest aspect of proj ect design was risk. Managing uncertainties, such as weather, the physical condition of participants, communication systems’ reliability could have helped avoid risks that led to the death of climbers. There was no clear understanding and consensus on quality attributes the project wanted to achieve, and the plans were clearly not matched to the needs of participants (Plans Theme Fundamental). It is also necessary to highlight the fact that there was no clearly defined plan on dealing with changes, such as weather conditions, lateness. All the conditions, such as slow pace, not meeting deadlines had a negative impact on the project’s baseline aspects (CIPFA 2012). Continuous assessment of the viability of plans should have been carried out, such as performance monitoring, and the escalation of intervention plans if the project does not go according to plans. This control is in place to help the project manager determine whether or not the project should go on or be aba ndoned.4.3. Further ConsiderationsAs the TSO (2009a) guidance states, the key features of PRINCE2 for project managers are the clear definition of roles, authorities, and processes. If this framework was applied to the Everest expedition, all participants would have known what was expected from them in order to help achieve the acceptable quality product (outcome) (TSO 2009b). Marsh (1996) further explains the benefits of PRINCE2 for complicated projects: according to the summary provided by the authors, this system allows the clear definition of the requirements related to the organization itself, users, project managers, the operation team, and other stakeholders. If Hall and Fischer determined what was the desired outcome of the expedition, and identified processes that were needed to achieve them, assigning each individual with tasks, an advanced business system could have been developed. They could have agreed on set time-scales and project boundaries.4.4. Application of PRINCE2 PrinciplesThe Oracle (2011) White Paper further explains the main principles of PRINCE2, and they can all be applied to the case examined in this study. The first principle is continued business justification. This relates to regular reviews of the progress of the project, and decisions made whether or not it meets the needs of the organization. If this principle was applied in the Everest expedition of 1996, it would have been found that – because of the lack of oxygen, severe weather, and lack of adherence to timescales – carrying on with the trip was not serving the interest of the stakeholders, and would not result in the outcomes planned by the team. Learning from experience is another principle that would have helped the leaders prevent risks. It is evident from Sullivan’s (2007) account that the two experienced leaders have experienced problems previously. If these problems and potential risks of their recurrence were assessed before the expedition, plans could have been made to address the issues. For example, both Hall and Fischer have taken inexperienced climbers on the same route, and knew that the lack of planning would result in groups breaking up. Hall did know about the lack of reliable radio communication, and decided not to address the issue. There were no managed roles and responsibilities; another principle of PRINCE2. Sullivan (2007) writes that one of the guides, Anatoli Bourkeev did not act as a guide at all. He was hours ahead of clients. This clearly shows that responsibilities and roles were defined, he would have stayed with the clients and carried supplementary oxygen. Managing by stages was also not applied, as the leaders and guides were too focused on delivering the service clients paid for (Roberto, 2002). Even though another principle of the system is â€Å"Focus on Products†, it refers to fulfilling the product descriptions: in this case the product’s description would have been safe delivery of expedition, preserving the health and safety of participants, leaders, and Sherpas. However, several members fell ill, including Hall who had a previously developed chronic condition, and many people had to be rescued. Managing by exceptions was another principle that – followed – would have made the expedition safer and more successful. No alerts were made when problems occurred. As Roberto (2002: 145) writes: â€Å"The guides as well felt uncomfortable speaking up. Neil Beidleman, a guide on the Mountain Madness expedition, has indicated that he had serious reservations about people climbing well past midday. However, he did not feel comfortable telling Fischer and other team members that they should turn around†. In PRINCE2, risk registers are created (London South Bank University 2016), and they are accessed and updated by all participants. If this procedure was followed, the identified risk could have been dealt with appropriately: by management, rejection, elimination, or minimisation. Finally, PRINCE2 could have been tailored to the project environment, taking into consideration the challenges, the training level and health of participants, and the resources available. 5. Lessons Learned for Project Managers Several lessons can be learned from the Everest disaster of 1999. The main cause of the failure of leaders to keep participants, leaders, and Sherpas safe was the lack of clear quality measures, roles, and risk assessment. The project was not managed and monitored by stages, and communication was poor. The project owners did not ensure that all the resources needed for delivering a quality product (outcome) were in place (initiating a project). Based on the above assessment, it is clear that applying PRINCE2 principles, themes, and processes would have created better outcomes for the Everest expedition project. Bibliography CIPFA. 2012. PRINCE2 Quick Reference Guide. Ferguson, C. 2011. PRINCE2 for Small-scale Projects. Novare Consulting. London South Bank University. 2016. PRINCE2 Presentations and Lectures. Marsh, D., 1996. Project management and PRINCE. Health Informatics, 2(1), pp.21-27. Murray, A. 2010. White-paper: PRINCE2 AND Governance. Outperform. Document Number: 1042-01-01 Version Number: 1v0 Oracle. 2011. PeopleSoft Projects (ESA) Support for PRINCE2. An Oracle White Paper June 2011 Roberto, M.A., 2002. Lessons from Everest: The interaction of cognitive bias, psychological safety, and system complexity. California Management Review, 45(1), pp.136-158. Sullivan, P., Failure of Risk Management in the 1996 Everest Disaster. Discoveries. TSO. 2009a. Managing and Directing Successful Projects with PRINCE2. The Stationary Office. TSO. 2009b. The Executive Guide to Directing Projects: within a PRINCE2â„ ¢ and MSP ® Environment, TSO 2009 Young, S., Healey, K. and Neame, V., The Everest Disaster.

Employment Law Compliance Plan Memorandum Essay

The following memo is an Employment Law Compliance Plan for Landslides Limousines. The plan summarizes key federal and Texas State employment laws. This report also includes recommendations and consequences of these laws. Please note that Landslide Limousines is subject to additional laws if the business exceeds employing more than 50 individuals. If Landslide Limousines fails to comply with the laws highlighted in this memo, the company is subject to serious penalties, including hefty fines, lawsuits, and possible prosecution. The federal law requires that all businesses in the United States comply with standard laws. Some of the laws include the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the I-9 Employment Eligibility Verification, and the Social Security Act (1935). Additional laws include the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Federal Unemployment Act. It is imperative that Landslide Limousines complies and understands what these laws detail. The EEOC law prohibits any business from discriminating against its employees. Both the EECO and the Texas Workforce Commission Civil Rights Division (TWCCRD), mandate that businesses cannot discriminate against any employee based on race, sex, religion, disability, or age (Employee Rights & Laws, 2013). According to the law, â€Å"Employers with 15 or more employees engaged in an industry affecting commerce, employment agencies, and labor unions are prohibited from denying equal employment  opportunities† (Business Employer Requirements, 2013, para. 3). Failure to comply with either of these laws will result in potential lawsuits by employees and potential financial loss for the company. Employees have the right to file a claim against their employer if they believe that they experiencing discrimination. According to the Department of Labor (2013), if the complaint is valid the â€Å"Employee may be entitled to a remedy that will place you in the position you would have been in if the discrimination had never happened. You may be entitled to hiring, promotion, reinstatement, back pay, a pay raise, or reasonable accommodation, including reassignment† (para. 12). The I-9 Employment Eligibility Verification is required for any employee. The Immigration Reform and Control Act, states that the United States employers must verify the identity of all workers (Employee Verification Compliance, 2013). Employers must check documentation like identification, social security card, work visa, passport, etc., to ensure that employees are legally able to work in the United States (Employee Verification Compliance, 2013). The EEOC and the TWCCRD, work to enforce the law. If a business violates these employment laws, penalties like fines, and possible prosecution will ensue. The Department of Homeland Security, Department of Labor, or office of Immigration can investigate any business, when they so chose. If errors are found in the I-9 documentation, forms are missing, or if it is discovered that an employer knowingly employs an unauthorized worker, Landslide Limousines is subject to serious penalties (Employee Verification Compliance, 2013). Penalties for I-9 paperwork errors can include fines up to $1,100 per employee (Employee Verification Compliance, 2013). Studies show that the number of employers, who violate I-9 employment eligibility verification, continues to rise (Employee Verification Compliance, 2013). Therefore, it is imperative that Landslides Limousines pays close attention to this. Texas Payday Law is a law that Landslides Limousines needs to be knowledgeable of. The law states that employers are not required to pay employees additional wages for working holidays or weekends (Texas Payday Law, 2013). This is at the digression of the employer. Rest breaks over 20 minutes and lunch breaks exceeding 30 minutes must be paid. Texas law requires that wages â€Å"must be delivered to the employees at their regular  place of work during working hours, mailed by registered mail, or by direct deposit to be received by the employee no later than payday† (Texas Law, 2013, para. 2). Under Texas law, employees can file a claim for unpaid wages. They may do this up to 180 days from when pay is due (Texas Law, 2013). If an employee is laid off, quits or is fired, the employer must pay the employee owed wages by the next pay period (Texas Law, 2013). Employers are not required to pay employees vacation pay, unless this benefit is offered in writing before or during employment (Texas Law, 2013). The Texas Department of Safety Health Consultations (OSHCON) is a program that is available to businesses by the Texas Department of Insurance. Companies with fewer that 150 employees are entitled to a free inspection (Business Employer Requirements, 2013). If companies â€Å"meet the federal requirements, they are exempt from a scheduled inspection for 12 months† (Business Employer Requirements, 2013, para. 1). This is a program that Landslides Limousines needs to take advantage of. All businesses must meet federal requirements to operate legally. Landslide Limousines is eligible for a free inspection because it employs fewer than 150 employees. A free inspection also saves the company money. To comply with Texas child labor laws the company should refrain from hiring individuals under the age of 21. Due to the limited hours that a minor is able to work in the state of Texas, Landslides Limousines should hire individuals over the age of 21, have excellent driving records, and at least five or more years of driving experience. A background check and a copy of employees driving records are needed from the insurance company. The limousine industry requires that employees have flexible hours such as graveyard shifts. This is illegal for anyone under the age 18. Minors are unable to work before 5 a.m., or after 10 p.m. (Chapter 15 Texas Labor Code, 2013). Federal law also states that minors cannot exceed more than three hours of work on a school day. In addition, minors cannot exceed or 18 hours during a school week (Chapter 15 Texas Labor Code, 2013). Employers who violate the child labor law can be charged with a misdemeanor (Chapter 15 Texas Labor Code, 2013). Under Texas State law, â€Å" If an employer violates child labor law, in addition to criminal penalties TWC may assess an administrative penalty against the employer up to $10,000 per violation† (Texas Child Labor Law, 2013, para. 3). To save the Landslides Limousine money, we recommend that Landslide  Limousines refrain from offering employees benefits, until the company exceeds 200 employees. This approach saves the Landslides Limousines money, which allows the company to expand its clientele. Federal law states that employers are not required to offer health insurance benefit plans (Cascio, 2013, p. 477). However, beginning in 2014, â€Å"employers with more than 50 employees, including full time-equivalent employees, who do not offer healthcare coverage and have at least one employee receiving a tax credit for health-coverage premiums will have to pay a penalty of $2.000† (Cascio, 2013, p. 477). Landslide Limousines will need to be aware of this law should employment exceed 50. As Landslide Limousines begins to grow, the company will need to be aware of the laws required for medium and large businesses. The company needs to continue to follow and stay current with all Texas State and federal laws. This will help avoid penalties like prosecution and fines. We recommend that an additional evaluation be conducted at the end of the year. Please let us know if there are any further questions regarding the information provided. The company is more than happy to discuss the above listed laws further in detail. References Business Employer Requirements. Texasopenwideforbusiness.com. Retrieved from: http://www.texaswideopenforbusiness.com/small-business/requirements.php Cascio, W.F. (2013). Managing Human Resources (9th ed.). New York: The McGraw Hill Companies. Chapter 15 Texas Labor Code. 2013. Texasworkforcecomission.com Retrieved from: http://www.hrp.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/childlaborlaws_faq.pdf Employee Rights and Laws. 2013. Texas Workforce Commission. Retrieved from: http://www.twc.state.tx.us/customers/jsemp/employee-rights-laws.html Employee Verification Compliance. 2013. Cmrkmurrah.com. Retrieved from: http://cmarkmurrah.com/lawyer//I- 9_Compliance_Assistance_pa11620.htm Department of Labor. 2013. DOL.com Retrieved from: http://www.dol.gov/ofccp/regs/compliance/factsheets/wprights.htm#Q12 Texas Child Labor Law. 2013. Texasworkforcecomission.com Retrieved from: http://www.twc.state.tx.us/ui/lablaw/texas-child-labor-law.html#penalties

Accountability, Uniformity and Time Management

Accountability also reflects the responsibility the unit has over each and every person in the unit. Everyone is required to report for duty so that the commander can verify that he/she has all the unit personnel accounted for.If i don’t show up and nobody notices, the commander reports 100% accountability, but no one notices that i am not physically accounted for, they may find me some time later and be uncertain of what to think because they did not know i was not physically present, which puts the unit and the unit commander at risk for some evasive action. if there are times that i must be late then i should inform someone so that i can be accounted for. Which could also tie in with uniformity.What is the importance of uniformity, dress right dress, and discipline in the army? the importance of uniformity is to make everyone become and look equal. there are no differences between us, no separation because we are all a team. what is the point of uniformity, when a whole pla toon is uniformed it shows accountability, responsibility, discipline and being in uniform is one of the things that is part of the foundation of the army. Without uniformity there cannot be discipline, and then it turns into a chain reaction and destroying the foundation of the army. being in uniformity shows soldiers how they can do things together and how working together, we as people can do anything we want to accomplish. it also teaches soldiers that uniformity also shows responsibility that when things are disorganized nothing ever gets done, but when there are no differences holding back from completing the mission anything can be done 110%. Everything needs discipline in order to be successful and uniformity, not only in dress code allows for working in harmony to get things done right and in a timely manner. Speaking of timeliness, personal time management skills are essential for professional success in any workplace. Those able to successfully implement time management strategies are able to control their workload rather than spend each day in a frenzy of activity reacting to crisis after crisis – stress declines and personal productivity soars! These highly effective individuals are able to focus on the tasks with the greatest impact to them and to the organization, which help to make them more successful in the end then those who have poor time management skills. In writing this essay the importance and purpose of these three words have become clearer to me. We need accountability, uniformity and time management in everything we do in order to be successful and efficient in all things we undergo. Read also: Time Management Accountability, Uniformity and Time Management Accountability also reflects the responsibility the unit has over each and every person in the unit. Everyone is required to report for duty so that the commander can verify that he/she has all the unit personnel accounted for.If i don’t show up and nobody notices, the commander reports 100% accountability, but no one notices that i am not physically accounted for, they may find me some time later and be uncertain of what to think because they did not know i was not physically present, which puts the unit and the unit commander at risk for some evasive action. if there are times that i must be late then i should inform someone so that i can be accounted for. Which could also tie in with uniformity.What is the importance of uniformity, dress right dress, and discipline in the army? the importance of uniformity is to make everyone become and look equal. there are no differences between us, no separation because we are all a team. what is the point of uniformity, when a whole pla toon is uniformed it shows accountability, responsibility, discipline and being in uniform is one of the things that is part of the foundation of the army. Without uniformity there cannot be discipline, and then it turns into a chain reaction and destroying the foundation of the army. being in uniformity shows soldiers how they can do things together and how working together, we as people can do anything we want to accomplish. it also teaches soldiers that uniformity also shows responsibility that when things are disorganized nothing ever gets done, but when there are no differences holding back from completing the mission anything can be done 110%. Everything needs discipline in order to be successful and uniformity, not only in dress code allows for working in harmony to get things done right and in a timely manner. Speaking of timeliness, personal time management skills are essential for professional success in any workplace. Those able to successfully implement time management strategies are able to control their workload rather than spend each day in a frenzy of activity reacting to crisis after crisis – stress declines and personal productivity soars! These highly effective individuals are able to focus on the tasks with the greatest impact to them and to the organization, which help to make them more successful in the end then those who have poor time management skills. In writing this essay the importance and purpose of these three words have become clearer to me. We need accountability, uniformity and time management in everything we do in order to be successful and efficient in all things we undergo. Read also: Time Management

Cadbury Schweppes Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Cadbury Schweppes Management - Case Study Example In these days, cocoa beans were being imported from south and Central America and West Indies. In fact the cocoa beans had so much value and were expensive. It could only be afforded with the wealthy and elite people of the society then. Experimenting with his pestle and mortar, John Cadbury produced a range of cocoa and chocolate drinks with the latter having sugar (Cadbury, 2008). In 1861, John Cadbury the founder handed over the business to his eldest sons Richard and George. It is to their leadership that the success of the Cadbury Brothers limited is owed. In 1899 the business became a private limited company and was branded Cadbury brothers Limited. The growth of the business led to invention of the chocolate bars which were now spiced up with milk The first milk chocolate that was ever made was course, dry and neither sweet nor milky enough for the public taste. At the same time, there was great competition from other continental manufactures of chocolate which led to the need of the Cadbury Company to launch other tastes and variety of chocolates one of them being dairy maid which later became dairy milk and finally evolved to be branded Cadbury dairy milk, which has a unique flavor and smooth. Cadbury Brothers limited later merged with Schweppes Inc in 1969 to form Cadbury Schweppes plc which is a confectionery and Beverage Company that processes non alcoholic beverage. It has an employee base of approximately 59000. Cadbury Schweppes Plc currently has its headquarters in Berkeley Square, London which is in England in United Kingdom. Cadbury Schweppes plc is principally involved in the manufacture, distribution and sale of branded beverages and confectionery, in addition to other related foods. It supplies its products through wholesale and retail outlets of the confectionery which are licensed and registered by the state in which they are located. Cadbury Schweppes plc trades in almost all the countries that are available worldwide because contemporary knowledge, it is one of the leading chocolate producers world wide. Cadbury Schweppes plc markets a range of chocolates, gum and sugar confectionery brands worldwide. These brands are in the form of bars, blocks, bagged pr oducts, packets, rolls, boxed assortments, chocolate eggs and novelties (Cadbury, 2008). There are various myths which have been propagated about management which are supposed to help organizations increase their earnings. Myths in the business arena usually come up as managers try to find ways to survive in the business world which is usually full of challenges and uncertainty. They provide some kind of hope as they provide something that managers can hold onto as they run their businesses. These myths usually influence the way companies make decisions and the way management run firms as much as the strategies have not been proved to be true. These myths help managers come up with a set of policies or strategies that they employ in order to help their organizations achieve certain objectives. Some of these myths according to Foss (2006) include the fact that it is harder to acquire a competitive edge if a company uses outside resources or resources it has purchased instead of using internally produced resources. The root cause of this misunderstanding cropped up from Co ol and Barney argument that only resources that cannot be sold by the company are considered to be valuable. Cadburys has not

Reflective Journal 3000 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Reflective Journal 3000 words - Essay Example This paper provides my personal reflection of the HRM concept in terms of ability to work as an effective group as well as the lessons learnt from the course and in interactive group based exercises. These entail an analysis of six aspects of HRM including the HR function, employee engagement, development of capabilities and skills, embracing diversity, reward management, and training and development. In recent times, diverse dimensions appear with the changing face of the HR function. Some of these perspectives point to a mutual connection with others, which only arises in organizations that are more complex (businesscasestudies.co.uk. 2014, np). In this view, organizations focus on increasing the values provided by the HR function in response to customer needs. For interactive group sessions that I have held with other school members, the need for increased pro-activeness by each individual has been of great significance. With improved participation, the quality of meetings becomes clear with improved grades for this unit. Of great significance is the need to achieve a strategic and business-oriented direction as pertains to the HR function (Reilly, Strebler & Tamkin 2006, p. 2). Through developing clear insights into individual roles, our group sessions have involved limited time. However, the response from individual members has been overwhelming. Thus, the need for enhanced HR function stands to be an important aspect for learning institutions. Certain limitations occur as organizations focus on improving the HR function. Firstly, the devotion of too much time on administrative processes, with limited time for change processes arises to be a key hindrance to enhancement of the HR function (businesscasestudies.co.uk. 2014, np). This prompts large and complex organizations to formulate such strategies aimed at consolidating the variety of business processes (Reilly, Strebler & Tamkin 2006, p. 3). I have learnt that change is an

To what extent do we need evidence to support our beliefs in different Essay

To what extent do we need evidence to support our beliefs in different areas of knowledge - Essay Example And the more the evidences are present -- evidences that are not contrary among one another -- in supporting a specific scientific belief, the more such belief becomes truthful or objective. In Bayesianism, evidences from a set of observational results for a particular hypothesis largely increase the â€Å"probability [or validity] of that hypothesis† (Achinstein 4). Furthermore, scientific belief greatly influences the person who holds such belief. Assuming that evidences validate a specific theory, the thought and action of the individual are strongly shaped by his or her belief system. For instance, a person who considers the existence or truthfulness of the so-called global warming will express, one way or the other, his or her belief of promoting and pursuing a kind of clean and green environment. Perhaps he or she will take this action to a much higher level (e.g., mass demonstration) if such person believes that the continued apathy of the government or state concerning global warming will theoretically result an environmental catastrophe. However, evidences do not make the natural science truly objective or free from error. ... But some scientists also claim that global warming does not exist; they contend that climate change or the increasing heat temperature experienced on the planet Earth is merely a natural phenomenon, which dates back to a hundred years. Moreover, the human specie is an evolving creature that has the natural capacity to adapt in the changing environment. Interpretation to particular evidence is far from objective or scientific. A set of data does not translate to a scientific theory or law. Whether the phenomenon of global warming is true or not, interpretation or deciphering the available observable data remains to be problematic. Going away from the much politicized science (i.e., global warming), the scientists in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was the center of the cosmos, not the sun. Their evidence was that the common-sense perception of what they saw around them. In reply to Wittgenstein’s query, someone said, â€Å"Well, obviously, because it just looks as if t he sun is going around the earth† (qtd. in Dawkins 406). Thus, interpretation matters over a set of evidences. In history as the area of knowledge, evidences or sources are very essential in verifying the truthfulness of the claim or theory made by the historian. Especially historians who study ancient civilizations, sources are necessary in order to prove that their ideas or â€Å"beliefs† are true or accurate. And gathering a number of sources or evidences relevant to the study in question makes the historical record or writing truly comprehensive and objective. Undoubtedly, sources or evidences should be reliable (Child et al. 12). In addition, historical claim or belief influences the person’s mental

The Effects of Antidepressant Treatment in Prenatally Stressed Rats Literature review

The Effects of Antidepressant Treatment in Prenatally Stressed Rats - Literature review Example Prior studies suggest that abnormalities in the transmission of hippocampal glutamate play a vital role in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety ailments. Apparently, many of the studies borrowed greatly from prior studies on the same line, but other studies present actual studies to provide empirical evidence on the same (Marrocco et al., 2014). Alternatively, there is empirical evidence in regards to a model of depression and anxiety, which is central to the hypo-function hippocampus, and many of the studies utilize female rats because of their high incidence of major depression in women (Van et al., 2011). Exposure to chronic stress in adulthood leads to the improvement of production of glutamate in the hippocampus. In this regard, there are other treatments for anxiety noted from the cited articles. The evidence asserts that a portion of the hippocampus, which specifically encodes memories of stress, emotions, and anxiety, is in line with the postulated hypothesis of stress-rel ated disorders (Marrocco et al., 2014). In addition, chronic stress can result in long-term physiological and behavioral disorders such as low birth weight, infant morbidity, anxiety, and lack of sleep and cognition retardation (Maccari et al., 2003). Other scholars have aimed to establish a link between PRS exposure, and alcohol consumption (Richardson et al., 2008). In this perspective, there is a variance between male and female consumption of alcohol, and research suggests that males show reduced activation of acute alcohol administration (Richardson et al., 2008). Recently, evidence has come up showing that PRS has can prevent the reduction in the consumption of alcohol-induced by chronic stress in adult alcohol-preferring female rats (Darnaudery et al., 2007). Many of the scholars have utilized rats, as subjects, in their studies, to show how mood disorders can be stable throughout the life of a human being (Vallee et al., 1999). This is because it is possible to notice the ai lments early and later as they develop (Henry et al., 994).The methods utilized by many of the studies follow an evidence-based approach, whereby the aim was to test the evidence (Darnaudery et. al., 2007). In scientific research, the objective is to achieve empirical evidence and because most of the studies identified followed experimental approaches (Nestle and Hyman, 2010). This approach is effective, and it utilizes randomized trials, including a control group and experimental group. The two groups help investigators to compare results, or findings appropriately (Richardson et al., 2008). In other cases, the investigators further, classify the control and experimental groups in terms of sex, age to find out the variations in the provided context. The most important advantage of this approach is to increase internal validity (Henry et al., 994). This means that in the event of subsequent studies on the same subject will amount to similar findings (Morley-Fletcher et al., 2003). C hronic treatment of the PRS rats using antidepressants had a positive outcome, in that it resulted in normal levels of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins in rats (Maccari et al., 2003). In this context, the use of anxiolytics and tranquilizers escalate the rigidity in the animal models of depression (Moley-Fletcher et al., 2003). Alternatively, depolarization-evoked the production of glutamate was in high PRS rats.

The role of the management in organizational Behavior Essay

The role of the management in organizational Behavior - Essay Example A readjustment of work-roles and behavior of employee teams, to cope with new challenges, is the first step to initiating changes in organizational culture. It is this first step that translates into new attitudes. Thus, behavior changes attitudes, and not the reverse; change happens from bottom up, and not top down. And for this to happen effectively, the CEO should be willing to change too, based on the signals received by her from the teams at the grassroots. Additionally she has the task of encouraging these teams to 'lead' the company in the direction required, without herself being directive. Her role is that of a competent doctor assisting childbirth. If the process is going smoothly, the doctor waits and encourages the mother, and provides her all the assistance required. Medical intervention should happen only in an emergency! What is the process that teams go through while resolving business issues Beer et al (p160) state that research has proven that "interfunctional coordination, decision making, work organization and concern for people" are the four indicators of performance-in the long run-and not financial parameters, which in the short term, can spike or recede in response to other factors. These four factors are directly connected with team functioning. Apart from this, they talk of six distinct steps (pp161-164) taken by successful managers to elicit task-related responses-i.e. a response ideally suited to deal with the task at hand. What are these six steps First, mobilizing commitment to change through a joint diagnosis of business issues. Here, the operative word is 'joint'. The participation in this process ensures a commitment to the process of change required to tackle this problem. Second comes the process of drafting a 'shared vision' to organize to cope successfully with the situation. Note, it is not the CEO spelling out the steps to be taken, it is the team ('shared') doing this. In this process, new roles and responsibilities are taken on, but since it does not involve change in titles or remuneration there is less resistance to the steps. Here, cross-functional teams operate-teams from across different departments and at different levels of the hierarchy-the only criterion for the composition of teams being that it is the most conducive to task attainment. Then (third) comes a pro-active fostering of consensus for the new way of functioning, and building competence and cohesion to achieve it. The new way of functioning would require new skills, and employees seek to gain these skills. This process is assisted by the management. Apart from this, if the management sends out a message that team functioning is what is required, then the building of competence and cohesion happens quickly and smoothly. (Fourth) Once team functioning has succeeded in one department, it has to spread to other departments. However, it is likely to fail if it is a top-down effort. Other departments, which would be at various levels of readiness to reorganize themselves into new functional teams, need to work out their own way of attaining this. The management has to stand by and cheer, as it were, without pushing. (Fifth) Once the process of change has more or less spread through most departments, the new roles and team relationships have to be institutionalized, so that the company does not inadvertently slip back to the

Bridget Bishop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridget Bishop - Essay Example John Crook’s evidence in the same manner proved the witchcraft of the Bishop and narrated the event of five to six years’ before. Testimony of John Bly evolved a sow which turned out to be one of the important evidences as it was used by the Edward Bishop, the husband of the convicted and the sow was suspected of performing some uncanny activities soon after the quarrel of Bishop and Bly. Also the testimony of Richard Coman, who witnessed an unnatural circumstance eight years previous to the trial while lying awaken on his bed and saw an apparition of Bishop, was added as important evidence in the trial. Also the testimony of Samuel Shattock, John Louder and William Stacy were taken into serious considerations for the evidence of Bridget Bishop’s trial. Apart from these the witch cake, the spectral evidences and various touch tests suggested strong indication towards infliction of witchcraft. A thorough study of Bridget Bishop case indicates there are myriad social, political, local and religious motifs involved. Amid all these reasons, the local motifs are quite pertinent. In the village of Salem, issues pertaining to the demarcation of property and grazing land were disputed and quarrel related to these disputes were very commonplace in the neighbourhood. And among all these turmoil the privileges of church and its property along with the issues of the grazing rights performed a clichà © role in this case. But the obvious motif behind this case seems to be superstitions and contemporary puritan visions which protested many of the orthodox and protestant rituals of church. Apart from this, motif of jealousy and usurping of the property is one of the important motives that evolve out. Bishop was childless though she married thrice so definitely her property was actually heirless and therefore her captivation or early death

Walmart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walmart - Assignment Example This is mainly due to the below stated points: Flexibility in price- in remote areas, the stores of Wal-Mart desire to offer discounted prices in various products. As a result of which, a wide range of customers of varied living standards and life styles might access its products and services to a certain extent. Due to which, the image and supremacy of Wal-Mart enhanced thereby amplifying its profitability and reliability. Wide range of products- in order to attain economies of scale, the organization of Wal-Mart desired to offer extremely trendy and fashionable products to its customers. As a result of which, the level of trust and loyalty of the customers increased that improved its supremacy and market value to a certain extent. Good relationship with the suppliers- due to good relationship with the suppliers, the organization of Wal-Mart became successful in attaining its products very quickly at any part of the world. Due to which, the level of trust and consistency of the customers over this brand enhanced significantly that improved its level of sustainability. Every day low price (EDLP) - every day low price is one of the most important strategies that helped Wal-Mart to attain its reputation and popularity in the market among other rival players. This type of pricing strategy enhanced the demand of the customers that amplified its total profitability to a significant extent (Mathews, 467-488). In order to enhance the market share and reputation in the market, Wal-Mart is trying to implement the strategy of opening ‘neighborhood stores’ as new formats. This is done in order to evaluate the transferability of competitive advantage of the organization of Wal-Mart among other rival players in this market. Data mining facility- due to the facility of information technology (IT), the processes of the organization of Wal-Mart became extremely easier and quicker. This helped to increase the demand of the customers thereby

Target audiences and presentational devices Essay Example for Free

Target audiences and presentational devices Essay Newspapers have changed overtime in many ways even though most people are subscribed to at least one newspaper likeThe Seattle Times, The New York Times, The Sun, and The Daily Telegraph and so on. Now, because of the internet and online news publications for nearly every newspaper, newspapers have become a thing of the past. This means that people no longer have to spend money on buying a newspaper and also means that they can be more personalised. But in the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of movies, plays and restaurants classified ads including display ads, editorial cartoons and comic strips. Most traditional papers also featured an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Another way they have changed is that they have included more stories which appeal to their target audience, meaning that they will include more pictures and stories depending on what the audience want for example: the sun tends to have lots of people with the socio economic of E-C which can connote that for most male adults and young male teenagers, they are mostly interested in page 3 models and sport. Before the internet, everyone received the good old Sunday paper. There are still some benefits of having a newspaper. You receive all of the news at once, and something that you might not think of clicking on online, you may glance across on a newspaper and find yourself interested in it. Also, the pure fact that a newspaper is a hard copy, easier to read for a longer period of time, counts towards the positives of newspapers. By 2007 there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations. These days, most people find it a lot easier and quicker to turn on their computer and browse their favourite news website not to mention that online news sites are generally free, compared to newspaper subscriptions. All in all, the newspaper business is slowly fading out of our everyday life, being replaced by various online publications. All the funding and budget they get to make the newspapers is the newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising. There are many different types of newspaper job roles: Journalists reporters editor columnist copy editor meteorologist news presenter photographer political commenter Industrial Revolution Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walters Boston Transcript. Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience. In France, i mile de Girardin started La Presse in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with Die Presse (which was named for and frankly copied Girardins publication). Impact of television and Internet By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most newspapers income has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience. However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow. On April 10, 1995, The American Reporter became the first daily newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content, to start on the Internet. The Editor-in-Chief and founder is Joe Shea. The site is owned by 400 journalists. Newspaper typically generates 70-80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content. ) Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs, the tone are usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story. In all, only 39 percent of the stories were related to dangerousness, smaller than the 50 to 75 percent of stories reported in earlier research but consistent with the approximately 30 percent of stories found by Wahl and colleagues. However, more stories fell into the dangerousness category than any other category. Hence, the public is still being influenced with messages about mental illness and dangerousness. Findings suggest the complexity of these results. A majority of stories are about violent crime against others or legal defences related to mental illness. However, stories in this group also included themes of suicidal or self-injurious behaviours and non-violent crimes. Stories related to dangerousness often ended up in the front sections of newspaper, making them more visible to readers. The target audience depends on the section of the paper. The funnies would be children. The sports would (most likely) be men. The economical section would be adults in general; usually newspapers and magazines targeted audience is the General Public. In the case of newspapers, it its own local people. In some magazines, their target audience is business owners and well to do rich folk. Some have specific audiences like music lovers, car lovers, or nature lovers. In most newspapers and magazines theres something in there to read for everyone.

Essay from filipino author Essay Example for Free

Essay from filipino author Essay Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease cookie sheets. 3. In a medium bowl, cream the shortening and sugar until smooth. Add the egg, and vanilla; mix until fluffy. Stir in the pumpkin. Sift together the flour, baking soda, salt, pumpkin pie spice, and cinnamon; stir into the pumpkin mixture. Finally, stir in the raisins and walnuts. 4. Drop cookie dough by heaping spoonful onto the prepared cookie sheets. Bake for 10 to 12 minutes in the preheated oven, cookies should be light brown around the edges. Brush with the spice glaze, and transfer to racks to cool. 5. To make the spice glaze, mix confectioners sugar with 2 tablespoons of warm water until there are no more lumps. Stir in the 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon. If the glaze is too thick, add a little more water. Oatmeal Raisins Cookies Ingredients 3 eggs, beaten 1 cup raisins 1 cup packed brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1 cup butter 1 cup white sugar 2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon 2 teaspoons baking soda 1 cup chopped pecans 2cupsrolledoats Procedures 1. Combine eggs, vanilla and raisins in a small bowl; cover and let stand for 1 hour. 2. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). 3. In a large bowl, cream the butter, brown sugar, and white sugar together. Sift together the flour, cinnamon, and baking soda; stir into the creamed mixture. Then stir in the raisin mixture, rolled oats, and nuts. 4. Drop by teaspoonful’s onto an unprepared cookie sheet. Bake for 10 minutes, or until lightly browned. Papaya Cookies Ingredients 3 cups All-purpose flour 1/8 teaspoon salt  ½ cups Papaya ripe 2 teaspoon baking powder 1 cup butter 1 egg 1 cup sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla Procedures 1. Pre-heat oven at 40F. 2. Put 1 cup butter in mixing bowl and cream until fluffy. 3. Add sugar and egg. Beat well until well-blended. 4. Add vanilla, flour and salt. 5. Beat thoroughly until smooth. 6. Drop or mold the mixture and arrange on a well-greased baking sheet. 7. Bake for 10 to 15 mins. Or until golden brown. Coconut Drops Ingredients 1 cup margarine 2 cups brown sugar, packed 2 eggs, beaten  ½ cup milk 3  ½ cup flour  ½ teaspoon salt 2 teaspoon nbaking powdert 1 cup shredded coconut Procedures 1. Cream margarine, sugar and eggs. 2. Add milk, coconut, then sifted dry ingredients. Drop by teaspoonfuls on slightly greased cookie sheet, some distance apart. 3. Bake in moderately hot oven. Banana Oatmeal Cookies Ingredients 1  ½ cup flour  ½ teaspoon salt 1 cup sugar 1 cup mashed ripe bananas  ½ teaspoon baking soda 1 egg  ½ cup chopped nuts  ½ teaspoon cinnamon 1  ¼ cup rolled nuts  ¾ cup shortening Procedures 1. Cream shortening and sugar; add egg and beat until fluffy. 2. Add bananas, nuts and oats. 3. Add sifted dry ingredients and blend. 4. Drop by teaspoonfuls some inches apart on ungreased cookie sheets. Bake in hot oven. Remove the baked cookies from pan at once. Peanut Beatles Ingredients 2 eggs 2 cups flour 2/3 cup oil 2 teaspoon baking powder 2/4 cup sugar  ½ teaspoon salt  ½ teaspoon vanilla roasted peanuts Procedures 1. Beat eggs until light and foamy; add oil, little by little, vanilla and sugar, beating continually. 2. Sift together dry ingredients and add to first mixture. 3. Drop by teaspoonfuls, some distance apart, on cookie sheet lined with wax paper. 4. Press a peanut in the middle of each cookie, sprinkle with brown sugar 5. Bake in hot oven. Pineapple Cookies Ingredients 2/3 cup margarine 4 tablespoon pineapple jam 1 cup sugar 2  ½ cup sifted flour 1 egg, beaten 1 teaspoon baking soda Procedures 1. Cream margarine, add sugar gradually, creaming until fluffy. 2. Add egg, jam, and sifted dry ingredients. 3. Drop by teaspoonfuls some inches apart on ungreased baking pan. Bake in moderate oven until golden. 4. Top cookies with bits of pineapple jam and serve. â€Å"Cakes† Orange Blossom Cake Ingredients 1 cup margarine  ½ teaspoon salt 1  ½ cup sugar 4 teaspoon baking powder 3 eggs 2/3 cup orange juice water 3 cup sifted cake flour Grated Orange Rind Procedures 1. Cream shortening and sugar until light and fluffy. 2. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. 3. Add orange rind. Sift together dry ingredients and all alternately with liquid to creamed mixture. Pour into greased cake pan. Bake in a moderate oven. Pineapple Up Side down Topping: 1 firmly pack brown sugar  ½ cup butter 1 can Pineapple slices Cake: 1  ½ cup all-purpose flour 1  ¾ cup refined sugar 6 tablespoon cake flour 1 cup butter 6 tablespoon ground almonds 4 large egg 1 teaspoon baking powder  ¾ vanilla extract  ¾ cup Sour milk Procedures 1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Adjust the position of the rack to the center of the oven. Grease and flour 2 (9-inch) pans or 3 (8-inch) pans. Set aside. 2. In a large bowl, stir together the flour, baking soda, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, nutmeg, and granulated sugar. Set aside. In the bowl of a mixer, cream margarine and brown sugar on low speed, and then increase speed to medium and beat until well-combined. Gradually add the dry ingredients and beat on low speed until just incorporated. Add eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each egg and scraping down the sides of the bowl after the addition of each egg. Add vanilla, sweet potatoes, pineapple, raisins, and walnuts and blend on low speed until thoroughly mixed. 3. Pour batter into pans and smooth the surface with a metal spatula. Bake for 1 hour to 1 hour and 10 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean; when you touch the center of the cake, it should spring back. Allow to cool in pans for 10 minutes, and then invert onto a rack and cool completely. 4. For icing: In the bowl of an electric mixer, beat cream cheese and butter on medium speed until smooth. Add vanilla and beat until incorporated. Gradually add sugar and beat on low speed until smooth. Icing the cake: Place 1 cake layer, top-side down, on a cake platter. Using a metal spatula, spread a layer of cream cheese frosting evenly over the top of the cake. Take the next layer and place it on top, rounded-side up. Frost the top and sides of the cake with the remaining frosting. The cake should be refrigerated for about 1 hour to make sure the layers are set. Sprinkle chopped walnuts on top of cake, if desired. Butter Squash Cake Procedures 1. In a large mixing bowl, beat eggs; gradually beat in sugar. Add squash and mix well. Combine the flour, baking soda and cinnamon; add to squash mixture and mix well. 2. Line a 15 x 10 x 1 inch baking pan with waxed paper; grease and flour the paper. Spread batter evenly into pan. Sprinkle with walnuts. Bake at 375 for 13-15 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool on a wire rack for 10 minutes 3. Turn cake onto a kitchen towel dusted with confectioners sugar. Gently peel off waxed paper. Roll up cake in the towel, jelly-roll style, starting with a short side. Cool completely on wire rack. 4. In a small mixing bowl, beat cream cheese, butter, confectioners sugar and vanilla until smooth. Unroll cake; spread filling evenly over cake within 1 inch of edges. Roll up again. Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour. Just before serving, dust with confectioners sugar if desired Procedures 1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. 2. Butter and flour a 9-inch round and 3-inch deep cake pan. Line the bottom with parchment paper. Set aside. 3. Put the carrots into a large mixing bowl and set aside. 4. Put the flour, baking powder, baking soda, spices, and salt in the bowl of a food processor and process for 5 seconds. Add this mixture to the carrots and toss until they are well-coated with the flour. 5. In the bowl of the food processor combine the sugar, brown sugar, eggs, and yogurt. 6. With the processor still running drizzle in the vegetable oil. Pour this mixture into the carrot mixture and stir until just combined. Pour into the prepared cake pan and bake on the middle rack of the oven for 45 minutes. Reduce the heat to 325 degrees F and bake for another 20 minutes or until the cake reaches 205 to 210 degrees F in the center. President A company president generally works with mid to senior level managers to devise a strategic plan that will generate revenues, create new opportunities for business and help the company to remain competitive in the market place. Strong emphasis on cost management is a critical component to a company he or she represents. Vice – President Vice-president of the company takes part in directing overall business and corporation operations. The vice-president also heads programs within the company for growth, to promote and generate business. At times, depending on the size of the company the vice president handles a specific department. Board of Directors The primary responsibility of the board of directors is to protect the shareholders assets and ensure they receive a decent return on their investment. The board of directors is the highest governing authority within the management structure at any publicly traded company. It is the boards job to select, evaluate, and approve appropriate compensation for the company’s chief executive officer, evaluate the attractiveness and pay dividend, recommend stock splits, oversee share repurchase programs, approve the company’s financial statements, and recommend or strongly discourage acquisitions and mergers. Marketing Department The marketing department must act as a guide and lead the company’s other departments in developing, producing, fulfilling, and servicing products or services for their customers. Communication is vital. The marketing department typically has a better understanding of the market and customer needs, but should not act independently of product in development or customer service. Marketing should be involved, and there should be a meeting of the minds, whenever discussions are held regarding new product development o0r any costumer related function of the company. Financial Department The finance department of a firm has abroad range of roles to undertake inside and outside its business and came large responsibilities especially in fields such as â€Å"Shareholder Value† which is increasingly gaining in importance. Finance department are important for the smooth operation of the business. The most common function of the finance department comprises the documentation and the controlling of incoming and outcoming cash flows as well as the actual handling of the cash flows. Production Department The production department is the functional area and is responsible for turning inputs into finished outputs through a series of production processes. The production processes are the various stages of production that turn raw materials into finished goods. Although businesses such as bank, insurance companies and internet service providers do not supply physical goods that can be seen or held, they do have to organize their resources to meet customers’ demands as completely as possible. Human Resources Department The people who make up a company’s workforce – its human resources mare considered to be an asset to the company, just like its financial resources and material resources, such as buildings, machinery and other equipment. A company is more likely to be successful if it mangers its entire resources well, including its people. This is why many companies have human resources departments, even though those departments do not directly contribute to the company’s production services, sales or profits. Rather, effective HR departments allow and encourage the company’s employees to do their best, which in turn contributes to the success of those companies. Communication Department This department plays a key role in how investors, employees and the general public perceive a company. They often report directly to a company’s chief executive officer and serve as advisers in managing a company’s reputation. They help leaders prepare for media interviews, develop messages to deliver to investors and employees and suggest new initiatives to keep companies on the cutting edge of communication with their stakeholders.

Exploring Of The Gospel Of John Religion Essay

Exploring Of The Gospel Of John Religion Essay The Gospel of John is unique among the synoptic gospels for its outstanding style of presentation of Jesus Christ. The prologue (John 1:1-18) upholds the guidance for the rest of the Johannine gospel. The author uses imagery to illustrate the themes in his work, he used the elements of creation to symbolise the divine existence of God. Light that shine out of darkness by the word of God in the beginning (Gen 1), and the word that is both light and life revealed the truth of the invisible divine nature of God. The prologue is presented in a poetic form, it also summarizes the detail of the Word which was with God in the very beginning of creation and came into the world. The author presented the Word as the Son of God send into the world that the glory of God might be disclosed to human beings in their kind. The prologue revealed the authors intended his readers to discover an insight of his thought of line as he unfold the divine revelation in his message. The author did not introduc e himself in the prologue rather he introduced John the Baptist who proclaimed and witnessed the coming of the true light into the world. The author revealed the deity of the Son, it is clear from the prologue and the rest of Johns gospel that Jesus Christ is not just a man; He is also the eternal Son of God. The massage of Johns Gospel was addressed to new Christians and non-Christians, therefore the prologue perfectly build the faith and confidence in Jesus Christ, as they progress in further readings in the gospel they may believe that Christ is truly the Son of God. The word The clearest and most explicit statement in the New Testament concerning the incarnated word is in the prologue of Johns Gospel. The author applied the term Logos or Word to Christ in describing the personification and relationship with God. The word logos had a range of meanings in the Hellenistic and Hebrew world of the 1st century. The word was known in the writings of Philo a Jew descend who was mach influenced by the teachings of the Greek philosopher Plato. Philos logos had no personality neither did he implied anything like incarnation to the word, his logos referred to philosophical thought and reason. Johns descriptions of the Word or Logos had the original definition from the Jewish concept of Divine Wisdom from the Old Testament, the Wisdom of God was personified in wisdom literature ( Ps 33: 6) and some prophetic book of the bible (Joe 1:1). The word was known to exist in the beginning before the creation of the world in the Genesis account; the Word played a unique role as agent in creation. The word in the Old Testament concept is God self-expression in dwelling among men in revelation, these understanding makes it more suitable for the author of Johns Gospel to applied the word as Gods self-disclosure in His only begotten son. The opening words of the prologue raised the authors Christocentric understanding when he said that the word was with God which implied the differences and relationship between the word and God. Clearly the word is understood as Gods active agent in creation, and the word show the divine progressive nature of God. Jesus the incarnated word continues to exercise the exact nature of God proclaimed in the Old Testament. The light Johns prologue raises several themes that will continue throughout the Gospel: light, belief, truth, witness, and the identity of Jesus. Light is one of the greatest symbols that the author of Johns gospel used figuratively to show the exact significance of the divine attribute of God the son. The writer identified the light with the Old Testament context of the divine presence of God dwelling among His people, this analogy can be seen in the Shekinah glory experienced in (Exod.13:21), from this passage it is understood that the cloud of the Lord was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire by night, these fire produced light during the darkest hours in the sight of Israel throughout their journeys. In other accounts such as the burning bush, Moses saw the light, for the fire was burning but did not consumed the bush (Exodus. 3: 1 1-9). There is a bound relation between fire and light, the psalmist gave a perfect imagery in (Ps. 104:2) where light is seen as a cloth covering the self-man ifestation of God. The writer of Johns gospel metaphorically used the light in the manifestation of Gods divine presence which is also in the personification presence of Jesus Christ. The writer said in the prologue that as the light shine and darkness disappear, he personified both light and darkness in verse (5) for the darkness will not be able to overpower the light, the passage reflect the dominance of light over the darkness. Christ gives light to every man, as the light of the world He shines on every human being in revelation and of salvation (John I: 9) The word became flesh and lives among men. The first four verses of Johns gospel (1:1-4) together with verse fourteen (1:14) provides the body of Christ, the Church with a clear provision of central understanding of the Christian faith through the incarnated word of God in Jesus Christ. The writer focused on the light and life that brought salvation to mankind in this dispensation of grace. He relates light to the revelation that illuminates the mind of those that are saved through faith, and relate life to the new birth, the spiritual birth that every believer receives through the grace of the lord Jesus Christ. The light removes the darkness of sin from the lives of sinner. John the Baptist testified the nature of Jesus Christ; he indicated the source of Gods light through His son to save the darkness of this world. Although the world was created through Christ as the author put it, the world did not recognize Him. From the fourteenth verse to the end of the prologue the writer made a distinct expression of the incarnated w ord that had became flesh and made His dwelling among human. From the Old Testament illustration of the tabernacle (Ex 25:8-9) dwelled among Gods people gave the exact understanding of Christ dwelling among His people in person. The prologue made it clear that in Christ, God revealed Himself in a way that could be seen as any other human being. The Law of Moses and Christ In the last two verses of the prologue the author laid greater emphases on the contrast between the law and the gospel. In essence the Law bear witness to Christ, the law is a guide that lead to salvation in the Son of God, the writer clearly stated that through Christ glory is expressed as means of grace and truth. The Ten Commandments is the word of God written on a stone tablet given to Israel through Moses on Mount Sinai represented the old covenant and Christ is Gods word in flesh represented His likeliness in the new covenant. God gave the Law to Israel through His servant Moses, these is recorded as one of the greatest among the old covenant era as the Son of God is recorded the greatest of all in the new covenant. The both the law and grace are the divine aspects of Gods nature that deals with man. The law was given to Israel as a guide to the coming Messiah and it was destine and fulfilled in Christ. The writer reveals the uniqueness of the only Son of the father at the end of the prologue; he once again affirmed the nature of the Father and the Son. Christ did not just proclaimed grace and truth, He presented it because He was part of the divine existence with God, He was the message and acted as a messenger in order to save mankind, He bear witness to the father and proclaimed the truth. Conclusion The prologue is a beautifully constructed passage it introduced and outlines the Gospel of John in thematic form. In just eighteen verses the writer introduced his reader from divine existence to humane understanding of incarnated word that revealed Gods redemptive plan for humanity through Jesus and by the end of the prologue the writer had already revealed the uniqueness of the true son of God. Christ the eternal word of God played a vital role in divinity and humanity in creation from the beginning, He is the very source of light and life to man. Although the light is surrendered with darkness yet it cannot overcame the light. Jesus brought light and life to mankind as He revealed the glory and grace of God. Johns Gospel is addressed to both Christians and non-Christians a good understanding of the prologue will help and acknowledge the readers of this gospel to build their faith and confidence in the Lord Jesus Christ.

Importance of Character in Jan Beattys Poem, A Waitresss Instructions on Tipping or Get the Cash :: Waitresss Instructions on Tipping

Importance of Character in Jan Beatty's Poem, A Waitress's Instructions on Tipping or Get the Cash Up and Don't Waste My Time Jan Beatty's waitress teaches us that no amount of money can make up for poor character. The poem "A Waitress's Instructions on Tipping or Get the Cash Up and Don't Waste My Time" is a plea from a waitress, tired and overworked, to us, her customers. Throughout the first twenty-nine lines, she gives commands on how to tip and stresses the importance of money in the relationship between waitress and customer. At the end of line 29, we would describe the waitress as cold, materialistic, and unattached from her customers. Then, in the final line, she tells us, "If you're miserable, there's not enough money in the world." After reading this final line, we realize that the entire poem exists just to prepare the reader for the climax of that last line. To show the importance of a person's character, she builds up the importance of money throughout the entire poem, and then says that character is more important. Beatty uses rhetorical schemes throughout the poem to achieve different purposes. The most visual of these is the anaphora that she repeatedly uses, both to highlight the themes in those lines and to stress the line that that follows. Lines 7-9 all begin with "Never." The repetition of such a strong word reminds us of a scolding parent or teacher and serves to grab our attention. Also, as all three lines are closely related in meaning, the anaphora makes the meaning of the lines more apparent; if we missed the point on the first line, we still have two more chances. Following those three lines, the waitress says, "Overtip, overtip, overtip" (10). The repetitive sound of the anaphora in a way lulls us, only to be jolted back by the important command to overtip. Line 10 could sum up the theme of the majority of the poem; its placement following the anaphora helps us to realize its significance. Beatty again uses anaphora in lines 26-29 which all begin with "Don't say." The purpose of t hese lines is almost identical to that of lines 7-9. They repeat an important point (not to say inappropriate things to the waitress) and, more importantly, create a lulling, repetitive sound that will be shattered by the important line following them. Similarly, the use of parallelism stresses the importance of lines throughout the poem.

The 1947 Roswell Crash Essays -- Aviation

In 1947, an unidentified flying object crashed into the small town of Roswell, New Mexico. The United States Air Force published a report in 1994. So why do conspiracists still believe an alien crashed into Roswell? After a hot humid day in July 1947, severe and violent thunderstorms filled the night sky. Long time farmer, Mac Brazel was used to thunder, and storms out in the country. Although something about this night was different. He heard an extremely loud crash, though didn’t think much of it. The next morning however, Brazel stumbled upon the debris of a strange object on his farm. Brazel brought some of the material to a nearby neighbor who urged him to report his find in hopes of getting a reward. Brazel informed the sheriff of Chaves County about the strange material, and he was sure it was the remains of a â€Å"flying disc†. The Sheriff then informed the Roswell Air Force Base. Major Jesse Marcel immediately looked into the matter. Colonel William Blanchard ordered the debris field to be cordoned off, and began the investigation. On July 8th, Blanchard ordered a press release confirming that the Air Force had a â€Å"flying disc† in its possession. Shortly after, the statement was revoked and a new statement was made that it was not in fact a flying disc but a high altitude weather balloon. Major Edwin Easley was ordered to shut down all roads to the crash site and to black out information about the crash field. The debris was removed from the small Roswell farm and transferred to Eighth Air Force Headquarters in Ft. Worth Texas, under the command of General Roger Ramey. According to some witnesses, Colonel Dubose in Houston received a classified phone call from a â€Å"very high† authority ordering him to devise a cover-up stor... ...documents were destroyed. Congressman Steve Schiff also had problems with the report. Important documents that could have illuminated what really happened in Roswell, we reported destroyed. Despite what these critics say about the report, many other UFO researchers concluded that project Mogul was the best explanation for what crashed in Roswell, New Mexico in July, 1947. Works Cited Jeffrey, Kent. "Roswell: The Whole Story." CUFOs. (2004): n. page. Web. . Malone, Guy. "Roswell UFO Crash." Alien Resistance.org. (2002): n. page. Web. . Rudiak, David. "Roswell Proof." (2001): n. page. Web . Dean, Richard. "Roswell, The Facts, Truths and Eyewitness Accounts." UFO Evidence. (2011): n. page. Web. .

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Neutral Tones Es

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy      Ã‚   "We stood by a pond that winter day," (1) This line indicates a still quietness, with lack of the movement of life. There is a vast difference in appearance and movement around a pond in winter and a pond in the midst of summer. This indicates no leaves, and no visible signs of life. The poet is painting a stark and lifeless scene. "And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,"(2) This is indicative of the modernist approach to light as being too harsh and not a positive factor. Chidden means scolded, rebuked, or even blamed. God is not looking favorably upon these people. "And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;"(3) Leaves fall from trees when they are dead, and the term 'starving' refers to the dying of the ground. "They had fallen from an Ash, and were gray,"(4) Ash trees are very beautiful hardwood trees, and this line indicates the passing of beauty, and ties in with the dying leaves mentioned in line three. This first stanza indicates that something once beautiful is dying. "Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove"(5) When lovers who are in love look upon one another, it is usually with a fixed gaze. That old love song, "I only have eyes for you" helps explain the poets anguish when he realizes his lover is no longer mesmerized while in his company. "Over tedious riddles of years ago;" (6) is indicative of some unresolved problems between the two people in this poem. "And some words played between us to and fro" (7) seems to indicate small talk and mindless chatter.    "On which lost the more by our love"(8) tells the reader that the poet is unhappy with the chatter and would rather be speaking of the unresolved problems betwee... ...a definite and recognizable pattern. This poem is certainly not a sonnet, either in subject matter, meaning, or format. The rhyme scheme for this poem is that of A B B A, C D D C, E F F E, G H H G.   There is enough continuity in this rhyme scheme to hold the poem together as a whole through the use of the pattern, however the changing of the actual rhyming words and the fact that, for instance, the A word is only repeated one time (as are all of the others) intensifies the poets feelings of loss over the change in his love's desires. Through the rhyming scheme, the poet is conveying the hopelessness of the two of them getting back together and repeating the beautiful love they once shared.    Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. p. 2256

Copper Sulphate Calibration

Method As per laboratory protocol. Rest Its and Discussion From the table and graph it shows that there is a linear relationship between concentration and absorption (Beer-Lambert Law). As the concentration increases so does the absorbency. The line of regression fits into the averages of the UP Absorbency, the RE is 0. 9538 this shows that the data is accurate as it is very close to the regression line. Taking the averages of the CIVIC Absorbency allows the data to become more accurate and reliable. Cavetti MM cuscus (ml) Distilled Water (m L)Concentration (M) XIV Absorbency (Average) Dividing the unknown solutions by y is the way to find the concentrations of the unknown solutions. Plotting the unknown solutions On the graph Can test the reliability of the results of the concentration. The results are close to the line of regression, this indicates that the values which were calculated are accurate. The results which were gathered could have been skewed from the way the cavetti was placed into the spectrophotometer.For instance, if the puttee had fingerprints on it, the wavelength would not penetrate the cavetti properly as the fingerprints may modify the way the light penetrates the solution, thus gathering an incorrect concentration reading. One way to avoid this is to clean the cavetti before placing it into the spectrophotometer, plus making sure that it is placed into the apparatus the right way. Whilst the 1 mol of Copper Sulfate was measured with the Gilson there may have been a small chance of the measurement being inaccurate, however, a Gilson is more likely to give an accurate measurement of a solution than a pipette old.When using a spectrophotometer it is essential that the apparatus is switched on and left to warm up for at least 15 minutes, if this is not executed and the experiment is done with a ‘cold' spectrophotometer the readings may be unstable. Between each reading of the solutions the spectrophotometer transmittance needs to be set back to O, if this is not done the reading will be incorrect, therefore jeopardizing the accuracy and reliability of the results. Conclusion Within this practical the aim was achieved, the absorptions of the diluted solutions were determined and accurate.

Disease Control and Prevention

There ar deuce-ace basic approaches to keep oning and supremacyling transmission of un wellnessinesss a) vector control (if applic equal), b) personal protection, and c) vaccination (How Vaccines preclude sickness). The CDC has expanded existing national and international community- set in motion control programs for preventing infectious diseases. reinvigorated preventive projects argon being evaluated, including preventives of germicide resistance, feed naturale and water naturale illness and an fermenter(a)(prenominal)s. prevention is better than cure we always date this statement whenever a new disease outbreak occurs to a community or a region. Disease prevention is so far more economical than treating the disease itself. One of the more or less practiced is the practice session of vaccines (Overturft). legal community and control of all(a)(prenominal) non-vaccine preventable diseases must rely on vector control and personal protection. Vector control however is seldom supported as a n independent program.Rather, it is in general incorporated into a bigger prevention program that eng boards active supervision for the disease and the vectors, personal protection, diagnosis and perplexity of the disease and vector control. The purpose of c ar is to wait on prevent disease by providing a mechanism for primordial precaution or epidemic action, thus al funkying for creation wellness action. This is more than ever confessedly for vector borne diseases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dandy fever that often cycle silently in an atomic number 18a with intermittent epidemics that whitethorn genuinelyize prodigious morbidity and mortality.As a conduct, it is signifi wadt to extradite active laboratory based surveillance for infectious diseases to keep an gist on transmission even though there may be no evident disease in domain or domestic animals (Gersovitz and Hammer). To man historic period the condition, and the orbic ular nature of the diseases, the World health presidential term has responded by expanding its surveillance and different operations to meet the challenge of emerging and perennial infectious diseases ( infected Diseases).Disease soften and PreventionIn a family which has a history of acquit desert cases, it is ticklish to accept the truth that your future squirt has a wideer s take away of having a get defect. Prevention of the contingent relationship defects is the most common advice given to the family by numerous doctors. The proper and enough tightness of folic stinging give galore(postnominal) big(p) mformer(a)s slump put on the line of having babies with receive defects. not all kin defects ar inglorious or untreatable like umteen p argonnts believe. more improved medications on deem got defects are available and guaranteed to prevent having babies with nascence defect. well-nigh are treatment for babies that mute in the womb. The most important social function for the treatment is to be able for the m new(prenominal) to piteousstand the peril movers and how she send away prevent having a fluff with a comport defect. Knowledge well-nigh leave a bun in the oven Defects A turn in defect is an irregularity of structure, function or metamorphosis that is present at tolerate. This ab prescriptity leads to cordial or physical disability or put forward lead to death. Many birth defects are cognise ranging from minor to sedate. They are considered the leading accept of death of many babies in their first yr of life. fit to the affectionateness for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), just slightly 120,000 babies are born each year suffering from birth defects in the linked States alone. Ca engrosss of Birth defects close 60% of the birth defect cases affirm unknown coifs. environmental and patrimonial factors are to a fault founts of birth defects (Morbidity and mortality rate periodical Report, 352 -356). Genetically contagious birth defects occur when one or both parents pass on a defective gene to the child. Genes carry thread-like structures called chromo more or lesss that order individual characteristics and feature (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).Any faulty or missing gene fanny courtship birth defect. Some of the birth defects female genitalia only occur if both parents are carrier of the defect. Even good for you(p) parents notify dumbfound effective genes and pass this on to their child. This kind of event is called the recessive inheritance. recessive allele diseases are more double-dyed(a) than plethoric diseases. Some examples of birth defects that are weed by recessive inheritance are reap hook cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).If only one parent passes along the recessive gene, the normal gene reliable from the another(prenominal) parent get out prevent the disease. However, that child w ill be a carrier of the disease. The carrier of the disease has a 25% chance to realise the disease if the other parent is excessively a carrier. Birth defects, such as bring syndrome, can also be ca utilize by too many chromosomes or disgraced chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have varying take of mental backwardness and heart defects.On the other hand, environmental causal agencys of birth defects accommodate piteous prenatal care, expo authorized to chemicals or beam and use of drugs and alcoholic drinks during pregnancy. Any contentedness that can cause any abnormal development is termed teratogen (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). Certain infections can result in birth defects when the char deals with it during her pregnancy. About 40,000 babies a year are born with a viral infection known as cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Morbidity and Mortality weekly Report, 352-356). These babies develop sombre disabilities including mental retardation and loss of vision and hearing.Some of the other infections that can cause birth defects include syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and parvovirus (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). In unusual cases, having a chicken lues during pregnancy can also cause birth defect. Much absorption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome includes mental retardation, low birth freight and heart occupations. If alcohol has unappeasable cause, so is the improper use of drugs. Drugs that can cause birth defects include tetracycline, sulfa drug drugs, hormone improvers and recreational drugs such as cocaine and LSD.Some birth defects, such as spooky resistance defects and chap rim and palate are considered multifactorial birth defects which are caused by a gang of environmental and catching factors. separate causes of birth defects are Rh disease. This disease is the horror of the mothers and nestlings positive and negative telephone circuit factors (3). roughhewn Birth Defec ts The most common defects in the United States are the Cleft brim or palate and Down syndrome. each(prenominal) year, about 6,800 and 5,500 babies are born with cleft sass/ palate and Down syndrome individually (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356).Effects of cleft rim/ palate include problems in eating, voice communication and language. Cleft lip/ palate are not dangerous and surgical neutering of the cleft can be by dint of when the child reach the right age and size and is in good health to tolerate surgery. The most common problem en snack bared by children with clefts is hear infections. The cleft allows precarious and germs to enter the ears more easily that normal that causes the infections in the ear. The occurrence of cleft lip/ palate can also cause more cavities leading to dental consonant problems, thus, dental checkup is recommended by doctors.Moreover, statistics state that about 1,900 babies are born with a serious heart defect called transpositio n of the great arteries each year (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Though advances in surgery true the out aroma for affected babies, heart defects still remain as the leading cause of birth defect infant deaths (Martin, 619-622). Doctors and many experts can not explain the real causes of abnormality in the heart, although both inheritable and environmental factors are considered.Another defect that is caused by both genetic and environmental factors (including light numerate of folic window glass) is the Spina Bifida or open spine. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1,300 cases occur each year. some other common birth defects include musculoskeletal defect (arm and leg defect), gastroin rivuletinal defects, and snapper defects (). Martin, 619-622 Birth Defect of Body interpersonal chemistry Birth defects of body chemistry are not visible, but they can be harmful and worst, fatal. In 2002, about 3,000 babies were born wi th defects affecting body chemistry.A recessive genetic disease is the common cause of disoblige of body chemistry. The inability of cells to produce enzymes or proteins that are infallible to carry effect from one place to another to reassign certain chemicals to another is the main cause of this disease. An example is Tay Sachs disease. Affected babies lack an enzyme needed to break down certain sebaceous substances in the adept cells. These fatty substances bring down brain cells that may result to blindness, paralysis and even death at the age of 5. Another example is phenylketonuria (PKU).In this disease, the baby cannot process a part of protein which builds up and damage the brain. Birth Defect interrogation There are two types of screen out available in many hospitals and health centers to look for possible occurrence of birth defects. The first one is the book bindinging test, which is able to look whether the baby is likely to have birth defects. If the disse mble test is positive, the bite teat which is the diagnostic test should be performed. The rule of the diagnostic test is to confirm or rule out the possible problem that was detected by the screen test.Screening tests The processes involve in performing screen test that looks for Down syndrome are the nuchal come out echography and a filiation test. The ultrasound test uses sound waves to measure the onerousness of the fetus neck while the rootage test is intended to measure the levels of beta-hCG and a protein called pregnancy- associated plasma protein. Another screening test that is done mingled with 15-20 weeks of pregnancy is the maternal serum triple or quaternity screening test. These tests check the enumerates of three or four substances in a enceinte fair sexs extraction.Estimation of the chance of the fetus to have Down syndrome or other health problems is done after these telephone circuit tests. The quad screen on the other hand, check the substances (alp ha-fetoprotein, and unconjugated estriol) and the level of hormone inhibin A. The doctors approximate the tendency of a charwoman to have a child with birth defects or other health problems through the development provided by the tests along with the age of the woman and other certain factors. Ultrasound on the other hand is a test that shows the development of the baby.This is normally done during the eighteenth and 20th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be used to screen some chromosomes with problems and bechance structural problems of the heart, spine, abdomen and other parts of the body. Diagnostic test Doctors usually used Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to look at cells in the placenta. In this test, a sample of chorionic villus cells is collected by putting a small asshole into the uterus through the vagina or by putting a needle through the belly into the uterus. This test can fuck off many family diseases such as haemophilia and sickle cell disease.Another test unde r diagnostic is Amniocentesis which looks for many chromosomal problems by looking at the cells in the amniotic fluid. This test can find flighty supply defects such as Spina bifida. Newly- born babies can also be tested, with the permission of the parents, for possible birth defects. Usually, all states perform PKU and congenital hypothyroidism on all the babies. The tandem mass spectrum analysis is a new technique used by many state to newborn infant babies. This technique provides many features that screens for many disorders of transfiguration on a small blood sample. PreventionThere are many ways of minify the assay of a woman having a baby with birth defect. These ways should be remember and should be take into love by many women who wants to have a healthy with no physical or mental defects. One important topic to remember is the preconception visit with the health care provider. The health provider identifies the health conditions, such as high blood pressure and di abetes, which may cause hazard in pregnancy. The provider can advice on lifestyle factors, such as quitting fastball and alcohol drinking that can cause jeopardyiness in pregnancy.The medication economic consumption of the woman is also check by the health provider to make sure that the medication is natural rubber to pregnancy. The visit to health providers is crucial to women with chronic health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. A great example is the woman which have diabetes has more likely to have a baby with birth defect liken to the woman who is not diabetic. Controlling the blood sugar levels of the woman starting in front pregnancy can give low stake of having a baby with serious birth defects (11). This advice can be provided by the health care providers.Another thing that can be done by the health provider during the preconception visit is to bring out whether the vaccinations of the woman are up to date. If the woman has no vaccines against ch ickenpox and rubella, she has to be shoot forwards pregnancy. In this way, possible risk of birth defect can be lower against woman with no vaccines. immunise woman should wait for a calendar month after being vaccinated in the lead trying to become large(predicate). All women should also know their health history including that of their furnish and their family. With this, the provider can identify risk factors for inherited genetic conditions.The usual thing that the provider does when this case occurs is to refer the couples to genetic counselor that can explain the risk of birth defects and provide them assistance in conducting proper tests. Pregnant woman or woman who is planning to get great(predicate) should avoid any alcohol absorption, locoweed and inhalation of drugs. The woman should not take any medication over the counter without making sure that this medication is safe for pregnant women. All women who could become pregnant should take a day-after-day multivi tamins containing folic acid.Studies show that proper aspiration of folic acid during archeozoic pregnancy will provide low risk of having a baby with queasy tube defects (Spina bifida). Folic social disease to Prevent Birth Defects Folic acid is a synthetic form of vitamin Bc which is a b vitamin found in a variety of foods. vitamin Bc is needed both before and in the first weeks of pregnancy and can help reduce the risk of having babies with common birth defects such as spooky tube defects, which affect the brain and spinal cord. skittish tube defects can occur in an embryo before a woman realizes she is pregnant.This is the reason why it is important for all women age 15 to 45 to include folacin in their balanced diet. With this, women who will get pregnant reduce their risk of having a baby with defect of the brain or spinal cord. New technologies were unattackable to include folate in many food supplements. The Food and Drug institution requires food manufacturers t o fortify enriched grain products with folic acid. In this way, women can get equal amount of folic acid even in breads and alter grains such as enriched pasta, rice, waffles and cereal bars. Other ways for pregnant women to have sufficient amount of folic acid are as follows1) immerse fruits, dark-green leafy vegetables, arid beans and peas, and other foods that are natural sources of folate, 2) Eat folic acid-fortified enriched cereal grain products and breakfast cereals, 3) make full a food supplement containing folic acid. commissariat information indicated on the go afters of many food and dietary supplements can guide many women in identifying the amount of folic acid they are obtaining. Neural Tube Birth Defects The expert names of the two major neural tube birth defects reduced by adequate folate intake are anencephaly and Spina bifida.With proper medical treatment, most babies born with Spina bifida can survive to adulthood. exactly they may require leg braces, cru tches, and other devices to help them walk. Other maternal factors also may contribute to the development of neural tube defects. Among these include the following 1) use of certain ant seizure medications, 2) severe overweight, 3) family history of neural tube defects, 4) anterior neural tube defect-affected pregnancy, 5) fever during early pregnancy and 6) diabetes. Studies about Folate In the 1950s, scientist first suggested a connection between neural tube birth defects and diet.This incidence has always been higher in low socioeconomic groups in which women may have poorer diets. Another speculate looked at folic acid intake in Hungarian women. The consequence indicated that mothers who had never given birth to babies with neural tube defects and who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement with folic acid had less risk in subsequent pregnancies for having babies with neural tube defects than women given a placebo. Another study conducted by the U. S. Public health good i n September 1992 resulted to a entropy that shows that all women of childbearing age undetermined of becoming pregnant consume 0.4 mg of folate daily to reduce the risk of having a pregnancy with Spina bifida. This value corresponds to FDAs Daily Value for folic acid, which is four hundred micrograms for non-pregnant women. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture say that many women between 19 and 50 consume much less than 400 micrograms of folate a day. Where to obtain Folic Acid Folate occurs naturally in a variety of foods, including liver, dark-green leafy vegetables such as collards, turnip greens, and Romaine lettuce, broccoli and asparagus, citrus fruits and juices.Folate can also be obtained from dietary supplements, such as folic acid tablets and multivitamins with folic acid, and from fortified breakfast cereals. Certain information on food and dietary supplement labels can help women spot foods containing substantial amounts of folate. The exact amount of foli c acid is indicated in the labels nutrition facts panel. Some food and dietary supplement labels may claim that their product has sufficient amount of folic acid that reduce risk of having babies with birth defects. The products that claim this must 1) provide 10 percent or more of the daily value for folic acid per serving2) not contain more than 100 percent of the daily value for vitamins A and D per serving because high intakes of these vitamins are associated with other birth defects and 3) List on the labels Nutrition or supplement facts panel the amount by weight in micrograms. This claim about folate is supported by the studies and statistics have been discussed but these alone will not picture a healthy baby with no birth defects. Not only folate intake, but genetics is one of the factor that affect the pregnancy and providing risk to have babies with defects. Women have options for reaching the folate intake goal.They can attain this both before and during pregnancy by h aving a healthy balanced diet. The combination of having proper intake of folic acid will ensure that women have low risk of having babies with birth defects. References American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus, in Pickering, L. K. (ed. ), Red check 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL American Academy of Pediatrics, 259-262. Benneth, K. A. fetal operating theater for Myelomeningocele, In Wyszynski. Neural Tube Defects from foundation to Treatment. New York City, Oxford University Press, 2006, 217-230.Birth Defects. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Spina bifida and Anencephaly earlier and after Folic Acid Mandate, 1995-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, volume 53, number 17, 362-365. youngsterren , younker and Womens Health Service. Alcohol- Effects on Unborn Children. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from Department of humankind Service. Birth Defects in Victoria in 200 3 and 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www.betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Birth_defects_in_Victoria_2003_to_2004 Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Diseases. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http//www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask. htm Martin, J. A. , et al. Annual synopsis of Vital Statistic. Pediatrics, Volime115, number 3, 619-634. Millensky, Aubrey. (1989). Genetic Disorders and the Fetus. third edition, 201-267. New York Plenum Press. (1995)Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, Vol. 23, number 1, 4-10.